Case Study on network solution Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On network solution - Case Study Example The Cisco Unified Wireless Network allows efficient running and monitoring of a combination of mobile packages from the dental offices while keeping a check on practitioners who tend to their clients from homes. The dentists may carry along the Cisco Wireless IP 7921 phones to monitor their patients, watch their state, and fill in medical records from the remote places. The remote application offers superior accuracy, feasibility, and security of the patient’s status. Dentists enjoy real time data access and entry. They can use the automated medical statements via wireless devices such as laptops and portable computers. Remotely operated X-ray machines attend to patients from the comfort of their homes. Hand operated scanners also ease the screening and examination while enabling efficient access to patient records and prescription. Since the patients have personalized barcodes, dentists are able to recover and revise clinical reports at once by searching through the codes. Th e Cisco Wireless Network is set to raise communication levels within the departments at the hospital, thus enhancing first rate patient precautions and workforce employee contentment (Pahlavan & Krishnamurthy, 2009). 2. Identify the information that is to be protected and the related security requirements HIPAA holds an in depth account of requisites for the utilization or release of confidential or protected health information. Protected units may only utilize and release PHI as allowed by HIPAA and other restrictive bodies and state bylaws. Generally, the private units at the dental dispensary may use PHI, regardless of exceptional consent from a patient. Health care â€Å"operations† consist of undertakings such as quality reassurance, peer analysis, guidance, and business development procedures. Prior to the first examination of the patients, the dentist must present them with a Notice of Privacy Practices explaining the steps concerning future reference of their health i nformation and the extent of liberties they can enjoy in respect to the PHI. After an Electronic Health Record (EHR) is put into practice, there are also requirements that facilitate disclosures for TPO (Pahlavan & Krishnamurthy, 2009). 3. Identify the types of network(s), components, devices, and equipment that would be involved in meeting the needs of the stationary offices and the mobile dentists Location database: within the Cisco Unified Wireless Network, the initial hop router gets packages for the remote clients through the routing code operating on the given network and pushes them through a trunk into the WLC. All WLC maintain a file of remote clients as they travel between the APs affiliated to them. In portable IP, the Home Agent (HA) holds the local database. Move discovery: if the wireless users move to a fresh AP, they have to depend on the alternate configuration to be accessed by the remote network. The association packets are pushed forward to the WLC through the as sociation process stage to mark out the wireless user and his new location (AP), where the wireless client is trying to connect. The data is utilized by WLC to renew its location database (the WLC mobility database). Where the client may have strayed into a new WLC, the initial WLC linked to the remote customer presents packets directed towards the wireless client to the isolated WLC. In Mobile IP, the user subscribing to the wireless network may not give HA any

Roman changes and continuities Essay Example for Free

Roman changes and continuities Essay Roman civilization had some continuities and changes of their political and cultural systems, during the decline of the classical era. An example of continuity would be that the Western European church still used Latin as the language of the church. However the religion was changed during the reign of Emperor Constantine. Rome started out as most class systems with an upper, middle, and lower classes. After a period of great peace and prosperity known as the â€Å"pax Romana† is when the Roman Empire started to decline, because the wealthy were becoming more and more wealthy and the middle and lower classes were becoming poorer and poorer. The lack of money circulated caused the majority of Roman citizens who were poor to become depressed and careless. This carelessness from the citizens caused them to stop participating in serving the country and doing Civil services as well as stopping them from being creative with arts and science. The Roman government was an absolute monarchy in which the Emperor was worshiped as a god. Before the decline there was no official religion that everyone had to believe in, the government had religious tolerance as long as the people believed the Emperor was a god. However during the reign of Emperor Constantine he declared Christianity the official religion of Rome. Although even before Constantine declared Christianity the official religion some people already practiced it. The polytheistic religion that many Roman’s believed in did not give hope to the people for something better after they died. Christianity did if the followers lived by the simple moral ethics by working hard and doing good deeds. Another change that Christianity brought was about having sexual relationships with others, and that you should only have relations with your spouse. Also Christianity made them believe that everyone was equal and so slavery almost disappeared in Western Europe. However Latin was, and still is, the main language of the Western European churches. Also because architecture was considered as art, the architectural styles of the Roman civilization are still used today. The myths of the polytheistic religion that Rome once had were inspiration for many renaissance artists such as Michaelangelo Buonorroti and Sandro Botticelli. As you can see the Roman Empires decline brought about some changes and continuities. The changes either helped or hurt Rome and some of the continuities are still used today.

Essay --

The Christian view of theology is found in two ways: general revelation and special revelation. General revelation is available to all people at all times and can be found in the nature and design of the entire universe. Special revelation is given to specific people at specific times and places and can be found in Christ and the Scriptures. These two types of revelation show something very important to the cornerstone of Christian theology, it shows that God is personal. Through the revelation it can be seen that God is self-aware, self-determining, and He has emotions, the characteristics of a person. Another key idea to Christian theology is the fact that God is triune, He exists in the Father, Son, and the Spirit. Each one of the three branches serves a different purpose, but all are equally important and equally powerful. Matthew 28:19 affirms the idea of the Trinity by saying â€Å"Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son , and of the Holy Ghost:†, mentioning every part of the trinity. God is a loving God who gave us His own Son in order to save us from our sins even though we didn’t deserve to be saved. Our Christian theology is based on this idea that Christ came and died for our sins, with this idea Christianity either stands or falls. Philosophy is also a major part in the Christian worldview even though some people use the first part of Colossians 2:8, which tells us not to be deceived by philosophy, as a way to say our faith doesn’t need to have reason and doesn’t have to be defended. These people negate the second part of the verse which says to not fall prey to philosophy based on man’s ideas. One question directed towards Christianity is the question of how is it po... ...volution in order to create humans. This idea however, is ridiculous and inefficient, and with an understanding Christians are able to defend the idea that God created all things. One of greatest arguments for Creationism is the idea of teleology, because there is design in the universe there must be a designer. We can see this in DNA, which has an incredible amount of order and information in just a small space, and functions as the blueprint for life. The gene pool is another thing that supports the idea of Creationism because it shows that macroevolution, not microevolution, is impossible. Creatures aren’t able to breed outside of their own gene pools, and we can see that this didn’t happen because of the many gaps in the fossil record. The Christian view of Creationism provides a good explanation for the origins of life, which points back to an all-powerful God.

Most Memorable Meal Essay

A Memorbal dinning moment in my life was when i tried sushi with some of my co-workers after work The enjoyment of Sushi is not for the timid among . In addition to having a adventurous spirit, those that go to Sushi restaurants must be open minded about other cultures and traditions. However, for someone who is trying Sushi for the first time, a favorable first impression may not be a good indication of how the experience as a whole will turn out. As we walked into the Sushi restaurant at the Prudenital I took a look at the surroundings. The first thing I noticed was the smell. It smelled like a regular seafood restaurant with the smell of cooking fish in the air. This surprised me as I was expecting a more raw fish smell. The decor was traditional Japanese, from the symbols on the walls to the chopsticks on the tables.. So far everything was progressing nicely and I had no reason to believe that this meal would be anything other than enjoyable. After being seated at a booth by the window, The waiter asked us what we wanted to order. I looked at the menu but I still had no idea of what Sushi really was. There seemed to be every imaginable kind of seafood available. I didn’t even consider that not only fish, but crab and octopus and squid could be considered Sushi as well. So I asked the waiter what I should order if I just wanted some ‘traditional’ Sushi. He seemed to not understand me and walked off after a minute of meaningless banter. The girl who had seated us walked ove I explained that I had never had Sushi before and that I wanted to try something traditional and ‘Sushi like’. She asked if I would be willing to try anything raw and I responded â€Å"Sure†. The Sushi platter arrived shortly and for the first time I laid my eyes upon this unique type of food. It looked like an artistic creation. Greens, reds, blacks, yellows, all the colors of the rainbow right before my eyes. In addition to the colors, the orderliness of it was remarkable. Not a piece of rice was out of place . Even the Wasabi was in a nice little mound off to the side. I then began eating, starting at the bottom of the plate and working my way up. Up until this point I was enjoying myself. But as I looked at that first piece of raw slimy fish I couldn’t help the thought of putting that into my mouth without first rolling it in some cornmeal and  frying it up on the stove. But I am not easily discouraged, so I put the entire fish in my mouth, chewed several times, and swallowed. It tasted horrible! Immediately I felt my stomach rumble and i tried to spew he fish back onto my plate. Only through a test of willpower was I able to keep it down long enough to drink some of my Pepsi. I then worked my way through the tuna, snapper, eel, fish eggs, and the rest, each with similar results. My drink was refilled four times before the meal was finally over. In the end I asked for the check and left the restaurant as quickly as I could. All though I didnt enjoy the meal its self its a memorable moment for me because i tried something forgien to me After I was able to take a few deep breaths and begin relaxing again, I left from that unpleasant event and tried to put it all into perspective. What started out as a night out with some coworkers and simple curiosity to try something new had turned into an incident that I would look back upon with disgust. But I also realized that Sushi is not just a type of food, it is a tradition and culture. And while I may not find the taste appealing I do have respect for those who are willing to include another’s customs within their own way of life.

Tesco Case Analysis

Tests had an In store policy that a new checkout line would be opened If there was m re than 1 person waiting In line and they were pioneers In self service checkout terminal. Tests was also innovative with its store formats. Tests stores ranges in size and service fro m; Express, Metro, Superstore, Extra, and Homeless. Tests used consumer purchase data to tailor assortments to local customer needs. Tests also increased the amount of non food items they stocked to include a clothing line.The Club card, which offered cash back rewards and redeemable vouchers, was successful In creating loyalty among Its consumer. Tests proved successful In International operations by expanding Into emerging entries with minimal competition such as those in Eastern Europe and Asia. It AC aired smaller, established retailers and kept local management in place. They were flexible in their strategy and acted locally using multiple formats.Tests also leveraged its brand loyalty to expand in other service a reas such as; flan telecommunications, and grocery delivery. This by partnering or eventually acquiring recognized and trusted brands/organizations. 2. Which success factors are or are not transferable to the US? Transitioning to the United States presented a challenge for Tests considering that t Eire major factor of international success have been the lack of strong competition in the new areas to expand.Clearly not this case, because there were around 35,000 supermarkets In t and in addition, almost every retailer from drugstores to home improvement centers sold some grocery items. There existed intense price competition as the U. S. Was over stored, according to some industry analysts, and the average U. S. Supermarket realized an operating proof t of 2% to 3% of sales, presenting a much different landscape from what Tests was transitioning g from in the U. K.Nevertheless, Tests identified an increasing consumer interest in wellness, in health conscious food choices and a contin uing trend towards on the go consumption, especially evident in California as a result of greater automobile commuting times compared to the national average. Tests hoped to avoid the headed head competition for the weekly family shopping trim with the established grocery chains, a niche it dominated in the U. K. , and rather focus s on targeting an undeserved niche in the marketplace. 3. Was Tests smart to enter the US market? In California, Arizona and Nevada?Although early analysis led decision makers to believe the US, especially the Southwest was a good market to enter actual performance leads one to think otherwise. Tests c inducted a great deal of due diligence prior to entering the US market. They analyzed trends I indicated by market research, sent senior managers to live with Californian families, and conducted d a mock store tour with 200 focus groups. By targeting an undeserved niche in the marketplace ace, Tests hoped to avoid headed head competition for the weekly fami ly shopping trip with established grocery chains.Several other factors demonstrated potential to include: o Grocery retailing in the US embraced multiple formats (in keeping with Tests strategy No national grocery retailer in the US None of the principal supermarket chains (Kroger, Safely, Supernal) commanded more than 15% of US grocery sales Market size: $600 billion Possible gap between convenience stores and supermarkets that might be filled by neighborhood markets o Increasing customer interest in wellness, in health conscious food choices, and a Tests specifically looked to the following benefits of California, Arizona and Nevada:S Grocery retailing not dominated by any one chain S Lower penetration by Wall Mart than in other US regions S CA: rapidly growing, ethnically diverse population of over 35 million, median house hold income well above national average S AZ, NV. Similarly diverse and growing rapidly Despite all of the potential benefits, Tests faced several challenges t o include: Competition (35,000 supermarkets) Almost every retailer from drugstores to home improvement centers also sold grocer y items (overstated) Intense price competition Economic downturn Low average operating profits of 23% of salesPrior attempts by British supermarket chains to expand into the US had proven nuns successful 4. What is the Fresh & Easy value proposition? Is it likely to be appealing in California, Arizona and Nevada? â€Å"C†¦ ] customers wanted great service, choice, and value† (p. 4) â€Å"offer fresh, wholesome food at affordable prices† (p. 7) â€Å"strong commitment to being a good neighbor and a great place to work† (p. ) emphasis on everyday low pricing rather than weekly specials hoped to leverage lower operating costs to deliver â€Å"honest low prices† on â€Å"fresh wholesome food† that â€Å"should be available to everyone† in a â€Å"neighborhood market† ( Employees from local community, careful ly selected to fit Deco's culture (p. 7) Nonfood items would account for only 5% of sales (p. 7) â€Å"ready to sell† approach, whereby many products sent from distribution center to store packaged, extending product freshness, protecting produce from damage, cutting down on spoilage, requiring less refrigeration, and reducing labor needed to stock shelves (p. ) Leveraging relationships with collaborators for distribution (p. 8); this centralized MO del was similar to Walter's Smaller stores = easier permitting process Taking over existing, vacant drugstores = cheaper than building from scratch New stores built from prepare materials = quicker construction, lower overhead, streamlined supply chain Energy efficient stores (30% less energy than comparable, traditional stores; some stores LED certified) Fresh & Easy emphasized everyday low pricing rather than weekly specials and hope d to on â€Å"fresh wholesome food† that â€Å"should be available to everyone† in a â€Å"neighborhood market. Fresh & Easy leveraged relationships with collaborators for distribution to create value e by minimizing costs and emphasize fresh. Their â€Å"ready to sell† approach, whereby prepare caged products went directly from distributors to local stores, promotes that it extended pro duct freshness. The prepackaging protected produce from damage, cut down on spoilage, required less refrigeration, and reduced labor needed to stock shelves. Fresh & Ease's appeal in new markets relied on various factors.California offered the rapidly growing, ethnically diverse population of over 35 million with a median house hold income well above the national average. The percentage of Caucasians had fallen to below 45 and 40% of people spoke a language other than English at home. Hispanic Americans accounted for 37% of the population, Seminarians for 12% and African Americans 6%. The populations of Arizona and Nevada were similarly diverse and growing rapidly. Ethnic ally diverse pop populations are likely to appreciate Fresh & Ease's value propositions.The emphasis on â€Å"honest 10 w prices† and a â€Å"neighborhood market†appeal to various ethnicities. However, Fresh & Easy built many stores in suburban neighborhoods. The population n in these neighborhoods tend to shop less times per week but spend more at each visit. These habits clash with the Fresh & Easy concept of daily visits to grab a quick and inexpensive vive bite. It may have been a better idea to have targeted urban cities like New York or Chicago w here the population's buying habits are more compatible with Fresh & Ease's intended target. 5.

Dead Man’s Cell Phone Essays

Dead Man’s Cell Phone Essays Dead Man’s Cell Phone Essay Dead Man’s Cell Phone Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Dead Man’s Cell Phone What does the â€Å"Cell Phone† represent to each character? Why is it the â€Å"Cell Phone† important to the play? How does it help us understand the themes of the play? Be specific. Use examples from the play to support your answer. Essentially the cell phone is used as an illustration of the changing generation and the transition into a digital age. The actors illustrate the impact of technology and more so the effects of the use of the mobile in the lives of people and more in society. In addition, the cell phone is used variedly to illustrate different meanings to the characters. The moral theme of the story behind the ownership of the cell phone is the importance and secretive lives led by people in society by the mere use of the cell phone. The importance of the cell phone in the life of the dead man could be termed as astronomical in terms of the operations that he maintains using his cell phone. He manages to operate an illegal trade, manage and maintain a mistress as well as cater for his family using the mobile phone. The use of the cell phone is used to illustrate the effects of technology on a personal level. This is illustrated by the increased social interactions by the owner of the cafe after acquisition of the mobile phone. This includes the interactions with the dead man’s mother, mistress, his illegal trade in body parts and his role as a husband. Thus, the cell phone could be termed as the lifeline of majority of people such as the dead man, to whom the cell phone was a lifeline for his interactions with the mistress as well as the lifeline in terms of his illegal operations as seller of illegal body parts. Jean’s role is affected by the presence of the mobile phone. This is an illustration that the mobile phone can affect people’s lives in a positive or negative manner. Jean’s life is interrupted and affected by the mobile phone given that she can engage in other social interactions with the various callers of the mobile phone. These include meeting the dead man’s widow Hermia, his mother Mrs. Gottlieb, and his mistress. Jean is left with a predicament of solving the problems left behind by the dead man. Does the play still have meaning? Why? Be Specific? Use examples from the play to support your answer. The play is highly relevant in that it provides an illustration of the problems the mark social interactions despite the efficiency provided by the use of electronic media. Additionally, the use of the mobile phone illustrates despite the ease in the method of communication society or people are unable to communicate with effectiveness due to barriers of effective interactions brought about by reduced social interactions because of busy schedules and engaging careers. The story also highlights the sincerity of people in their respective social interactions. The sincerity of communication among people is one of the highlights of the use of the cell phone. It is evident that people use cell phones as a means of masking their identities given that mobile phones limit physical communication people. In addition, the mobile phone is one of the most noteworthy technological gadgets of the modern society. It is an express illustration that the mobile phone is one of the most influential gadgets in society. It also illustrates the essence of physical social interactions and preferably communication. This is a means of ensuring sincerity in social interactions. After the demise of the owner of the cell phone, it interferes with the cafe business and slows down the business operations in the cafe. This is because the owner is nagged in talks with a variety of callers in the play. Hence, it is an illustration that the cell phone is highly engaging and an impediment in the execution of business as well as fruitful social interactions.

Uncouth, Unkempt, and Unwieldy

Uncouth, Unkempt, and Unwieldy Uncouth, Unkempt, and Unwieldy Uncouth, Unkempt, and Unwieldy By Maeve Maddox Most negative English adjectives that begin with un- have a familiar antonym. For example: unhappy / happy unlucky / lucky unsuspecting / suspecting ungenerous / generous This post is about three adjectives whose positive forms are rarely used in modern English. uncouth: Awkward and uncultured. Examples of current usage of uncouth: The Malawi government has branded  pop  star Madonna an uncouth bully who exaggerates her charitable work in the country. After considering the likes of refined English actors such as Cary Grant and David Niven, the producers cast Sean Connery as Bond in the film. Fleming was appalled at the selection of the uncouth, 31-year-old Scottish actor, considering him to be the antithesis of his character.   The adjective couth (â€Å"known, familiar†) was very common in Old English. One spoke of â€Å"couth lands† and â€Å"couth customs† meaning â€Å"known lands† and â€Å"familiar customs.† The word couth came to mean cultured, genteel. Nowadays, when speakers use the word couth, it is with the latter meaning, but with self-consciously humorous intent. The second of these two examples of current usage of couth transforms the adjective into a noun: Well, orcs arent human, and I would suppose that they arent as  couth  as humans are. Im reminded that junior high  boys  are  not  known for their  couth. unkempt: uncombed (of hair, wool, etc.); neglected, not cared for, untrimmed. Here are examples of modern usage of unkempt: How can they let [NCIS character Deek] on camera with that  unkempt  mop? The role as a loudmouth  unkempt  woman easily was her finest personal performance to date. Criminals are attracted to  neighborhoods  that appear dirty or  unkempt. In Old English, kempt was a past form of cemban, â€Å"to comb.† In modern English, kempt is occasionally used humorously to mean combed or neat, as in the following examples: Ive had more  kempt looking  pros  change  the oil in my Maserati. [The apartment] is occasionally a little  messy but  not unkempt. Semi-kempt? His plaid shirt was half-untucked, and his usually kempt  comb-over was flying wildly into the air. unwieldy: Difficult to control, guide, move, manipulate, etc., by virtue of size, shape, or weight. In modern usage, the adjective unwieldy is applied to things, like tools or weapons, but originally, it referred to people. A â€Å"wieldy person† was nimble and had the agility to handle a weapon with skill. Although wieldy doesn’t make much of a showing in COCA or the Ngram Viewer, it is used in serious contexts. Wieldy is a brand name for a line of camera accessories, and the word is at home in discussions of tools and software: Is the handle attached separately or is the whole slicer and handle cast together as one piece?  It’s all one piece, and extremely wieldy. The great thing about the SKS was it could drop people at distance but you could also get up close and do well, partly because of the high fire-rate but also because it feels extremely wieldy.   Yes, I know – it’s hard to imagine anything bigger than 10 inches to be considered wieldy enough for practical use. Of the three supposed antonyms of uncouth, unkempt, and unwieldy, couth continues to be a word that provokes amusement, wieldy sounds like a â€Å"real† word, and- judging by this example I found in a blog about wedding planning, kempt may be slipping back into serious usage: You should make sure that your facial hair is neat and  kempt. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?20 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word FormsShore It Up

Building Sentences With Participial Phrases

Building Sentences With Participial Phrases This exercise will give you a chance to apply the principles of building sentences with participial phrases. Instructions Combine the sentences in each set below into a single clear sentence with at least one participial phrase. Heres an example: I stood on the roof of my apartment building at dawn.I watched the sun rise through gray clouds. Sample combination: Standing on the roof of my apartment building at dawn, I watched the sun rise through gray clouds. If you run into problems while working on this exercise, review the following pages: Introduction to Sentence CombiningIdentifying VerbalsExercise in Adding and Arranging Participial Phrases When youre done, compare your sentences with the sample combinations on page two. Exercise: Building Sentences with Participial Phrases The dishwasher was invented in 1889.The dishwasher was invented by an Indiana housewife.The first dishwasher was driven by a steam engine.I took small sips from a can of Coke.I was sitting on the ground in a shady corner.I was sitting with my back against the wall.I was sitting on the window ledge.The ledge overlooked the narrow street.I watched the children.The children were frolicking in the first snow of the season.The first edition of Infant Care was published by the U.S. Government.The first edition of Infant Care was published in 1914.The first edition of Infant Care recommended the use of peat moss for disposable diapers.The house sat stately upon a hill.The house was gray.The house was weather-worn.The house was surrounded by barren tobacco fields.I washed the windows in a fever of fear.I whipped the squeegee swiftly up and down the glass.I feared that some member of the gang might see me.Goldsmith smiled.He bunched his cheeks like twin rolls of toilet paper.His cheeks were f at.The toilet paper was smooth.The toilet paper was pink. The roaches scurried in and out of the breadbox.The roaches sang chanteys.The roaches sang as they worked.The roaches paused only to thumb their noses.They thumbed their noses jeeringly.They thumbed their noses in my direction.The medieval peasant was distracted by war.The medieval peasant was weakened by malnutrition.The medieval peasant was exhausted by his struggle to earn a living.The medieval peasant was an easy prey for the dreadful Black Death.He eats slowly.He eats steadily.He sucks the sardine oil from his fingers.The sardine oil is rich.He sucks the oil with slow and complete relish. Exercise Answers Here are sample combinations for the 10 sets of sentence-building exercises on page one. Keep in mind that in most cases more than one effective combination is possible. Invented by an Indiana housewife in 1889, the first dishwasher was driven by a steam engine.Sitting on the ground in a shady corner with my back against the wall, I took small sips from a can of Coke.Sitting on the window ledge overlooking the narrow street, I watched the children frolicking in the first snow of the season.Published by the U.S. Government in 1914, the first edition of  Infant Care  recommended the use of peat moss for disposable diapers.The gray, weather-worn house sat stately upon a hill surrounded by barren tobacco fields.Fearing that some member of the gang might see me, I washed the windows in a fever of fear, whipping the squeegee swiftly up and down the glass.Goldsmith smiled, bunching his fat cheeks like twin rolls of smooth pink toilet paper.(Nathanael West,  Miss Lonelyhearts)The roaches scurried in and out of the breadbox, singing chanteys as they worked and pausing only to thumb their noses jeeringly in my direction.(S. J. Perelman,  The Rising Gor ge)The medieval peasant- distracted by war, weakened by malnutrition, exhausted by his struggle to earn a living- was an easy prey for the dreaded Black Death. He eats slowly, steadily, sucking the rich sardine oil from his fingers with slow and complete relish.

Sleeping Beauty Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Sleeping Beauty - Assignment Example The principal themes in the story sleeping beauty gender empowerment, gender equity, capitalism, equitable sharing of resources, non- discrimination, democracy, corruption and fairness equity in resource allocation. Disney movies have incorporated dancing so is the story of sleeping beauty, Disney movies also has a lot of animation using animals as human characters. Sleeping beauty also is an animation type of genre. The politics of gender in the sleeping beauty champions that gender equity is critical in today’s life. Discrimination on gender is something old fashioned. Equitable participation as depicted in the many women actors in the sleeping beauty story. Women empowerment is a clinical step towards solving domestic challenges. In the story, women can be referred to as the mothers of nature since the play the nurturing role effectively. Increased participation of w indicates the will to grab equal opportunities that come their way in the daily life of the society. In the western culture gender discrimination is

Gender and sex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender and sex - Essay Example Let’s first talk about gender. Gender is something that is defined by the society, and not by Nature. That is why, gender is not natural, because it can be modified, recreated, and protested against. Sex is natural. One culture will define an actual man who beats up his wife; while another culture will consider a person a man considering his height and voice. Some cultures define a woman as a person bearing children; while, others will define a woman as individuals with delicate stature. These are all the gender roles that every culture assigns to men and women, thus associating these roles with one gender. Generally speaking as in all cultures, male gender is associated with roles like going out for jobs, playing games, joining clubs, and becoming politicians; while, female gender is associated with roles like running a house, bearing children, raising them up, doing grocery, serving the family, and the like. Thus, we assign specific roles to one gender, and call it man or wo man. Biologists talk about gamete size when defining sex; but, culture talks about power and freedom while talking about men; and, about frailty, sex and cowardliness while taking about women. This distinction of gender is defined by the society depending upon the societal roles. ... They are obnoxious toward reverse gender roles. Stephen (2002, 50) gives example from Latin America, and states that, â€Å"As the Spanish explored northern Mexico, which later became the American Southwest, they found same-sex sexual interaction among men and men who seemed to be dressed like women.† This shows that gender can be adopted. Also, Kulick (1997, 574) describes in his paper how the Latin American society generates diverse arrangements of gender, consisting of men and not-men, instead of men and women. Hence, gender and gender roles are changeable, and this is the main difference between sex and gender. So, gender is not natural. Now, let’s talk about race not being natural. Races do not exist, because there is no biological category of races. It is also, like gender, a theory constructed by society. Someone belonging to a specific geographical location, with features resembling the people of that geography, belongs to a certain race, as defined by the socie ty. But those features could have been changed if someone was raised in a location different from that of his ancestors. Hence, race cannot be passed on to the next generation, because it is not based on biological facts Goldstein (1999, 564) also states that race is not just determined by phenotype, but by context. The idea of race not being natural is a bit hard to understand when compared with gender. Simple is that race is defined by geographical distinctions, and these distinctions are not defined by nature. Races only make divisions of otherwise disordered biological patterns, as the separation of these biological patterns makes it easy to allocate resources between populations. In the film, â€Å"Blacks in Latin America†, we come to know that blacks in Latin America

Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Nike - Essay Example Nike’s quest to become a global sports leader has fuelled the remarkable move to the more innovative digital marketing. The digital campaigns on the social media such as Facebook have enabled Nike to popularise the FuelBand among the target consumers. The social media has enabled Nike to communicate constantly with the customers. The Nike + FuelBand Community on the Facebook send messages of motivation to the users to acquire the FuelBand (Guarda). In effect, the digital and social marketing has facilitated the collection of information regarding consumer’s preferences, as well as choices. Nike has maintained consistency in its quest to communicate constantly with the customers in the social media, and position the FuelBand in the market. The company engages with the consumers and receives important feedback about the product. In effect, Nike has created a strong relationship with the consumers through the digital and social marketing strategies for long-term engagement (Guarda). The social media is an integral part of the business cycle, and Nike has seized the opportunity as it endeavours to position itself as a global sports leader by understanding the needs of the customers. Guarda, Dinis. Nike Takes Digital Data and Social Media Marketing Seriously. Web. 22nd Nov. 2014

Advances in hydrogen cell technology for automobiles Essay

Advances in hydrogen cell technology for automobiles - Essay Example Since 2003, Honda has been operating a 'Home Energy Station' on an experimental basis in Torrance, California. This station is works on alternative fuel technology while carrying out all the activities necessary for the home. Here hydrogen is generated from natural gas and heat and electricity requirements for the home are fulfilled using fuel cell cogeneration. Even a car in the home is powered by hydrogen cell. Such efforts have indeed shown results as well. The Carbon Dioxide emissions from such a house are stated to be 30 percent less than those for an average household that uses a gasoline and commercial electricity1. If such efforts can be matched by other fuel efficient technologies, our environment would become much more pure and the looming threat of catastrophe in the form of global warming will surely subside.The amount of carbon dioxide that melts into the atmosphere as a result of our routine actions creates footprint of carbon. In fact at times, we unknowingly tend to p erform some actions which lead to an increase in our carbon footprints on the environment, which proves detrimental for our own survival. Inefficient use of energy, inefficient housing stock, using carbon emitting fuels in our cars, rampant industrial activities etc. are the key factors being blamed for an increase in carbon footprints. The society seems to have become wiser in many ways has now started widely discussing 'how carbon footprints can be effectively reduced by adopting an energy efficient lifestyle. Hydrogen cell technology, an upgrade on hybrid electric motor, is a promising technology which will provide pollution free travel for us in near future. Efforts are on for such technology for quite some time now. The then US President George Bush had announced in 2003, an ambitious $1.7bn investment plan to turn US into a world leader for hydrogen powered automobiles (Twist, 2004). In fact the ongoing recessionary trends around the globe have impacted the automobile sector q uite adversely and in UK there are demands from many quarters to provide stimulus for its sustenance. This seems to have provided a reason to the UK government to think about greener technologies. Therefore while announcing a 2.3 billion rescue package for Britain's carmakers on January 28th Lord Mandelson commented that this is being done to pave the way for greener motor industry (Webster and Buckley, 2009). After the increasing concerns of carbon footprint, the automobile industry has experimented with a number of alternatives fuel technologies like electric vehicle, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) etc. and these technologies have certainly helped in reducing carbon from the vehicle emissions, but the hydrogen powered vehicle produces very low or zero tail-pipe emissions (May, 2004). With governments and international bodies calling upon all concerned for reducing the carbon content, the vehicle manufactures have certainly taken a note. EU for example has proposed a target of 5.75 percent of transport fuel consumption for bio-fuels by 2010 (May, 2004, pp305). The technique involves extracting hydrogen from water or any other source. In a running vehicle the solar cells provide electric current for separating hydrogen from the stored water which is then used for producing torque for running the motor. For a vehicle, the Tandem Cell technology uses two photo-catalytic cells in series which are coated with a nano-crystalline - extremely thin - metal oxide film. These cells capture full spectrum of UV radiation from sun. The novel coating then captures the electrons and passes on to conductors as electric current. Though, Hydrogen power can also be produced from hydrocarbons, like oil and gas, or coal but in that case the byproducts or the waste also becomes a source of pollution, so this method is not used

Fight For 8-hour work time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fight For 8-hour work time - Essay Example Several nations developed certain labor laws for avoid the exploitation of employees in an organization. These laws are mainly consists of minimum daily rest hours, annual holidays and a maximum number of working hours in a day or week for the employees welfare. Over the last three hundred years labor unions have gone through different situation and shaped different forms. Later these trade unions became the part of different political and economical regimes. Early labors are like friendly societies and they worked for the different benefits of labors and to insure workers against unemployment, bad health condition, oldness, and funeral expenses. In many nations especially developed countries, states have been taken responsibilities to do all these functions. The provision of professional training, legal advice, and representation for members are still playing major role of labor union membership. The international socialist organization, the international workingmen’s association (IWA) or First international, demanded 8 hour working time at Geneva Convention in 1866. 8 hour working day got preliminary success in New Zealand by the Australian labor movement for skilled labors in the mid of 19th century. At the early and mid of 20th century got more popularity and most of the employers accepted the 8 hour working time throughout the world. Eight hour day movement is the part of early history and reasoned for the celebration Labor Day and May Day in several nations. The origin of Labor Day namely May Day is bounded up with the movement of eight hour workday. During the year between 1885 and 1886, many strikes had happened in the United States for the part of eight hour work day movement. There were around 500 strikes and lockouts took place in between 1881 and 1884. Most of these movements were started on May First. The May first protest and strike were very aggressive i n Chicago. May first, 1890, was to witness nation-wide strike for the

Roe vs Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Roe vs Wade - Essay Example aised in the two cases were; a) the legality of abortion laws passed by states seeking to criminalize all forms of abortion when interpreted in the letter and spirit of the US Constitution; b) the parameters of the Due Process provision of the 14th Amendment as a safeguard against the right to privacy in abortion; c) whether states had the authority to legislate laws that may prohibit abortion; d) whether the natural termination of Roe’s pregnancy rendered her case, on the same issue, which was pending before the court meaningless; and e) whether the district court was correct in denying injunctive relief. This paper will discuss some of the issues relating to the right of privacy based on the ruling on Roe. In 1880s abortion was legalized in United States specifically to protect the mother’s life from harm. Since the country was facing low birthrate during that particular period, especially among the whites, the government and other human rights agencies were concerned about the negative impacts of the policy. They termed the declining population of whites through abortion as having the same bad effect as suicide since they wanted the women who were born in United States to reproduce. Abortion was had been previously illegal and thus if a woman had to procure an abortion it depended on the race, economic situation, and the location where one lived (Critchlow, 2010). It is notable that poor women who came from other races could not afford it due to the high related cost. In early 1960s, however, the trend somehow changed by virtue of the formation of a group known as the Clergy Consultation Services on Abortion. The group drew its membership from church ministers and rabbis who dealt with illegal abortion since they sympathized with women of color who were disproportionately affected by the problem. The corresponding growth of civil rights and antiwar movements during the period campaigned for and came up with women liberation movement seeking the

Fight For 8-hour work time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fight For 8-hour work time - Essay Example Several nations developed certain labor laws for avoid the exploitation of employees in an organization. These laws are mainly consists of minimum daily rest hours, annual holidays and a maximum number of working hours in a day or week for the employees welfare. Over the last three hundred years labor unions have gone through different situation and shaped different forms. Later these trade unions became the part of different political and economical regimes. Early labors are like friendly societies and they worked for the different benefits of labors and to insure workers against unemployment, bad health condition, oldness, and funeral expenses. In many nations especially developed countries, states have been taken responsibilities to do all these functions. The provision of professional training, legal advice, and representation for members are still playing major role of labor union membership. The international socialist organization, the international workingmen’s association (IWA) or First international, demanded 8 hour working time at Geneva Convention in 1866. 8 hour working day got preliminary success in New Zealand by the Australian labor movement for skilled labors in the mid of 19th century. At the early and mid of 20th century got more popularity and most of the employers accepted the 8 hour working time throughout the world. Eight hour day movement is the part of early history and reasoned for the celebration Labor Day and May Day in several nations. The origin of Labor Day namely May Day is bounded up with the movement of eight hour workday. During the year between 1885 and 1886, many strikes had happened in the United States for the part of eight hour work day movement. There were around 500 strikes and lockouts took place in between 1881 and 1884. Most of these movements were started on May First. The May first protest and strike were very aggressive i n Chicago. May first, 1890, was to witness nation-wide strike for the

CritiqueCitations writings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CritiqueCitations writings - Essay Example These characteristics are complementary rather than divisive. Narrow definitions can be misleading, too particularly focused missions can be self-defeating, and neglect for the bigger picture can result in disastrous consequences. In the modern era, despite occasional protests to the contrary, leadership is best demonstrated in terms of flexibility, ethical behavior, perseverance, and a consideration for the effects of every decision and course of action. This essay will set forth a definition which encapsulates the innate qualities of leadership as envisioned by Badaracco, incorporate notions of ethics into the larger conceptual framework of leadership, examine the idea that leaders ought to be concerned with the welfare of others, and agree with the proposition that organizations are fluid rather than static creatures. Whether leaders are made or born is perhaps a tangential and irrelevant consideration; innate characteristics, whether hormonal or environmentally-instilled, must give way to a more individualistic analysis. Leadership, to be sure, is measured both objectively and subjectively. However one measures leadership, the fact is that some leaders excel and achieve goals; others, just as surely, fail to accomplish the goals set by themselves and the targets set by other concerned individuals and organizations. There is a persuasive school of thought, a very real theoretical underpinning in the field of leadership, which attempts to link successful leadership and motivation causally. This school thought is represented by commentators like Badaracco, whom has stated that Only people driven by strong motives are likely to make real progress in a world that is often an unpredictable and confusing place, in which trust is fragile and lots of people play for keeps. Merely thinking that something should be done is not enough. Quiet leaders want to act responsibly and ethically, but to do so they usually have to persevere and improvise, often over long periods. To have any hope of achieving their aims, their motives have to be good enough and strong enough" (2002: 42). There is, in Badaracco's view, a need to identify choices, to consider options pursuant to certain guiding motives or values, and to commit to courses of action in a prolonged and committed fashion. This suggestion, the need to commit to a course of action, is increasingly difficult in a world characterized by imperfect information, conflicting philosophies, and frequent dishonesty. Indeed, as stated by Aditya and House, this often places the role of leadership into the risk-taking arena (1997: 412). Leaders must, in short, be confident enough, have strong enough goals and motives, and be willing to steer their organization through challenging obstacles. This risk-taking relates well to Badaracco's advice; more specifically, goals must be both legitimate and pursued with vigor if they are to be attained in the modern era. 1.2 The Significance of Ethics and Fundamental Values More than ever before, there are leaders, scholars, and commentators whom advocate an incorporation of a fundamental set of values and an ethical framework for guiding leadership decisions. The incorporation of these value-based components is not universally accepted, but the trend is clearly

A Taste of Honey Shelagh Delaney Essay Example for Free

A Taste of Honey Shelagh Delaney Essay In A Taste of Honey Shelagh Delaney presents Jo as a young woman looking for security and love. Compare the relationships she has with Helen, her boyfriend and Geoff. To what extent does she find security and love with each? Shelagh Delaney the writer of the play A Taste of Honey was born on November 25th 1939 in Salford, England. It was in school when she saw her first play, an amateur performance of Shakespeares Othello. She was only twelve at the time, and the play made a great impression on her. When she was seventeen, she began writing A Taste of Honey as a novel but later realised that it would be better as a play so it was first performed in 1958, accepted by Joan Littlewood, a famous director of the Political Theatre who strongly believed that plays should be about ordinary people. A Taste of Honey is mainly about a young working class girl who refuses to conform to her dreary surroundings and way of life. When the play was introduced, it was rare to find any of the situations portrayed in any other plays as the circumstances of each of the characters in the play were polemic and unaccepted by a neglectful society. Keeping up the appearances was an important factor in life, and at the time public disgrace was a horrendous situation to be involved in., so it almost became a day to day struggle to keep others satisfied with a suitable personal image that no one had the right to question. People were often very prejudiced about things like origin and race, sexual inclination, promiscuity and sex before marriage. To be involved in any of those things was a serious act for concern from the family and members of the community. At the time people were very religious and strict with regards to homosexuality, promiscuity and sex before marriage, in households from the 20th century, there was rarely a laid back mentality when these situations happened in the conventional life of an ordinary person. It was very common for a youngster to be involved in any of the above, as the senior members relied on their traditional customs and philosophies and took a lot of care in their every move. Ironically this play doesnt seem very concerned with all the issues that emerge from that society, and makes it a much more rebellious and interesting play to watch. However interesting it was, not everyone agreed with the content of the play, as some reviewers confessed that this was the first play they had seen with a coloured person and a homosexual man. Jo is a 15-year old girl who seems to have been unfortunate in life due to the circumstances that we see her in at the start of the play. By the way of life she leads, we learn that she is not happy or satisfied with herself or with her only relative, her mother. She displays inappropriate behaviour for a teenager of her time, I dont owe you a thing. By saying this we learn that she has little respect for Helen and is very distant from her, she also sounds angry and frustrated because she knows she deserves much more and also because Helen has not been a proper mother to her in any way. Something else, which we are able to see from Jos lifestyle, is that she is frequently exposed by her mother, to different men coming in and out of Helens life. The best example is Peter, a close friend of Helens. This is evidently an unsuitable environment for a teenage girl, and clearly shows that Helen is not very concerned about the image she is creating in Jos mind. We can conclude that Helen is not only being a terrible example for daughter Jo, but also is offering no security in the sense of stable relationships that can benefit Jo in a good way. Helen doesnt stand firm in front of Jo and by inviting men into her house, she is loosing all sense of respect for herself and most importantly, for her daughter. Its almost like Helen and Jo are friends who take boyfriends in for intimate relationships. At the start of the play we learn that Helen has a strong drinking problem, drink, drink, drink, thats all youre fit for. You make me sick. Jo is directly affected by it, as she has to co-exist with this habit in Helens life. We know that she clearly dislikes it and mentions how her mother isnt good for anything else apart from drinking. This can represent the way Jo feels, since the time she started to realise her mothers neglectful treat you make me sick, Jos frustration has become so great that she has started to hate her mother for being such a bad parent. By mentioning thats all youre fit for Jo tells us that Helen has been a total failure in every aspect of motherhood and wasnt able to demonstrate even the smallest sign of care and affection for daughter Jo. Perhaps Helen thought that alcohol could help ease the pain of not being able to be a good parent and offer love and security to Jo. But once again we see that Helen makes the wrong choice and maybe unconsciously might not realise how much this is also affecting Jo. This drinking problem is once again an appalling example that Helen is transmitting to Jo, as she might think its acceptable to drink in order to ease the pain and attempt to sort out problems under a more relaxed but less rational approach. Some readers may think that at the point of Helens response to Jos comments about drinking, she is completely under the dominion of alcohol, and responds in a cynical way, Dont just stand there shivering; have some of this if youre so cold. My reaction to this answer was of utter amazement as I am unable to believe the extent of Helens brutality and stupidity. She has just been told by Jo how much she dislikes the habit and still persists on acting irresponsibly and offering an intoxicating drink to her underage daughter. She should have been a little more considerate and thought of a more reasonable solution to Jos request. This once again leads us to believe that Helen is offering Jo no security, or protection in any way. Unexpectedly Jo enquires about her father just as her mother is getting ready to marry peter. As she is not pleased with what her mother responds, she declares her as a liar You liar look at me. This response was obviously generated from the way Helen answered Jos question, which evidently wasnt tactful or sensitive. Until this point we learn that Jo is unaware of who her father is, and this sort of conversation appears to be a serious issue between mother and daughter. Jo seems to feel resentment towards her mother, by the way she says you liar. By hiding this important piece of information to Jo, I believe that Helen has disrespected her daughter in various aspects. Jo as being the product of an intimate relationship between Helen and the man in question is in her full right to demand respect and to know who her progenitor was. This reveals quite a lot about Helens personality, as she demonstrates cowardice at the single thought of facing her daughter and telling her the truth about her origin. When Jo says look at me, it becomes clear to us, that she has to prove or disprove her mothers honesty with a single glance at her eyes. Jo is not entirely sure of this answer and proves to us that she does not trust her mother in her honesty and actions. Helen and Jo keep an uncharacteristic relationship; because its not one of mother and daughter love neither a friendly one. They just dont seem to be able to understand each other as such and therefore have lost all mutual respect and affection, simply because Helen is far too selfish to give up her way of life to ultimately benefit her daughter and herself. Its like theyve swapped roles, Helen being the daughter and Jo being the mother, one more responsible and conscious than the other. Jo acts like an adult in many ways, as she shows a clear disapproval upon her surroundings and her mothers drinking habits, she certainly feels uncomfortable at the men coming in and out of Helens life. Youve emptied more bottles down your throat in the last few weeks than I would have thought possible. If you dont watch it, youll end up an old down-out boozer knocking back the meths Jo is warning Helen that if she isnt careful with her habits, she will be alcoholic and drinking illicit beverages meths. Jo sounds like shes disturbed by her mothers future and has a precautious tone in her voice that makes her sound like a worried mother or wife. At the start of the play, when we meet Helen and Jo, their relationship seems very weak, and doesnt seem to get any better as the play proceeds; because of this I can predict that as they dont dedicate sufficient time and effort to form stronger bonds they will not be able to progress and comprehend their individual needs and circumstances. Anyway, its your life, ruin it your own way Helen makes this very strong remark that suggests a very careless thought with regards to Jos future. She uses a common tactic that allows her to show a dignified attitude, by offering Jo sufficient freedom to ruin her future and hold her responsible for her actions, consequently saving herself from her daughters blame and pain of failing. This shows how careless she is at offering support in Jos plans ambitions and dreams. In a way this is a very sad thing to do, because not only does Jo lack financial stability, but also love and emotional security. On the other hand Jo is conscious of her mothers intentions with regards to a good life for her. Ruining my life. After all, youve had plenty of practice this blame on Helens performance as mother is quite serious and is good at describing their relationship in general. This allegation is also good to prove the fact that Helen has offered no security or love to Jo. However making matters worse Helen accepts this accusation and unconsciously hurts Jo to a deeper extent saying yes, give praise where praise is due, I always say pessimistically she responds with no hint of shame at what she has created in Jo, because of her neglectful behaviour. I dont think that during the play their relationship gets to evolve in a positive or a negative way; however Helen may start to look at Jo as a woman rather than a girl due to the consequence of her relationship with boy and her pregnancy. In act 1 scene 2 Helen leaves her daughter Jo to go and get married to Peter, which in some way helps Jos emotional state, as it is supposedly the end of a most hated cohabitation, and the start of a new independent life. I believe that this action taken by Helen was by far the best thing she has done to benefit Jo, perhaps unconsciously but for the benefit of both sides. Helen has been a bad mother because she has never been able to offer Jo pure and unconditional love, instead she has made Jos existence imperfect and complicated without a reasonable purpose. I am not trying to justify un-motherly conduct, but she probably was never prepared to facet he responsibilities of a parent. It was completely inappropriate form Helen to allow men and alcohol form a barrier between herself and daughter Jo. Nearer to the conclusion of the play Helen returns to Jo, not to rectify her mistakes but only to make matters worse for poor Jo and her baby, I feel that she came back in a mood of pity and not love for a future single mother. However she may see herself reflected on Jo, and may feel is her duty to come to aid her. I feel great sympathy for Jo at the end of the play, because it seems to me that her life is a cycle that repeats itself over and over again. She is lonely even though she is due to have a baby and has her mother with her. Sadly Helen is still an alcoholic, and is penniless just as Jo is, which will unmistakeably make the baby suffer because of the circumstances. I also feel that since Jo and Helen have avoided resolving their differences and issues, their relationship will carry on deteriorating to a greater extent, until they will not be able to interact any longer as a team or family. Boy holds a fairly important role in the play, as Shelagh Delaney may have used him in order to represent a race and a whole group of people at the time. He is a twenty year old sailor that manages to infiltrate Jos heart and lighten up her life to a certain extent, for a short period of time. The reason why Shelagh Delaney doe not provide boy with a name, is because he ends up leaving her and breaking all his made promises, of returning and marrying her. His role in the play is of a young adult who meets Jo and eventually becomes her boyfriend. He also becomes the father of her baby, even though he is not aware of this. The relationship boy has with Jo is completely different to the ones she experiences with all the other characters, this one is of love and mutual understanding. I love youbecause you are daft. I believe that the most important factor with regards to Jos feelings and other characters is that perhaps it is the first time she falls in love with someone, and is answered back in the same way. Even though buy offers love to Jo, he certainly doesnt offer much security. This is because he enjoys having fun wherever he goes and is not able to make a promise and keep it. youre the first girl who Ive met who really doesnt care this quote shows that he is someone whos had many relationships in the past, analyses different behaviours, and therefore has gained experience in the subject. I reckon that Shelagh Delaney wants to make the audience judgemental towards boy because of the way his relationship ends with Jo, and leaving to never come back. In my opinion boy only used Jo to sleep with and never really felt anything special for her, this truly shows the type f person he is. The audience may find that he is genuine and honest about his feelings but then turns out to be insincere and false, however what really damages his image to a higher extent is how he took advantage of Jos naivety and innocence. Geoff is another important character in the play, as Shelagh Delaney may have chosen him to represent the fears, hopes and dreams of a secluded group of people, who were judged by their sexual inclination. He is false a person who provides Jo with a strong friendship and some security that perhaps she took for granted. Geoff is someone who lacks self-confidence and is in desperate search for acceptance security and companionship, he wants Jo to look at him as a man with defects and expects from her as much as she receives from him. They have a peculiar relationship as Jo refers to him as a big sister or a womanly figure in the house, you are just like an old woman really. You just unfold your bed, kiss me goodnight and sing me to sleep. This kind of remark may have resulted embarrassing for him as he is a male and much older than Jo. Shelagh Delaney is very effective at revealing Geoff qualities, by telling us the large amounts of efforts he puts into Jos house and the way that he takes care of her, someones got to look after you. You cant look after yourself. You would not expect this type of behaviour from a stranger and man in a male dominating society. Another good way the reader can see the qualities in Geoff is by comparing him to Helen, who is the total opposite of her and has taken better care of Jo in a short period of time than she has. From analysing Jos and Geoff relationship we can learn that during the time they spend living together they have both been happy and able to co-exist with each other, which is something Helen and Jo were never able to achieve. However there was always this barrier between Jo and Geoff, generated by their different attitudes towards life and other issues that revolved around their respective characters. While Geoff was optimistic, Jo was fairly negative and resembled Helens personality to some extent. This factor never really allowed them to enjoy their relationship and their time together to the maximum. I think it would be best if you left this place Geoff I dont think its doing you any good being here with me all the time this tells us that Jo is being honest with him and knows about his need to experience a womans desire to prove whether his inclination towards a men is real. To some degree Jo is a little bit arrogant as she declares that she can be self-sufficient and doesnt need from Geoff to carry on living a normal life. Nobody asked you to stay here. You moved in on me, remember? If you dont like it you can get out, cant get Geoff is a maternal figure to Jo as he is making a great effort to help her out with the preparation for the coming of the baby; something Helen would be more appropriate at doing. I thought you changed. Motherhood is supposed to come natural to women he explain this which such patience and care that almost sounds like he has passed through motherhood himself. This maternal figure is very rare and distinctive in the play as he is the only in the play who offers this sort of care and guidance, despite him being a man. Geoff is nothing like Helen simply because they do not share any qualities or even defects. The only way in which he may resemble Helens behaviour is at the end of his role, when he decides to leave Jo and not rebel against Helens prejudices and power to throw him out of Jos and the babys life. just as Helen did, he ends up deserting Jo, and not thinking of the possible emotional crisis she may start to go through. At the end of the play Jo is left standing by herself lonely without anyones help and support to hep undergo the conceiving of her baby, and the rest of her life she may still have to live. The mood is quite bleak, grim and dull at this point most of the relationships between the characters have broken up. Helen has been thrown out of Peters house and longer is she able to enjoy financial stability or Peters company as a husband. I believe none of the relationships in the play were really meant to work just as much as Geoff and Jo would have never been able to coexist considering their different circumstances. Shelagh Delaney may have chosen the title A Taste of Honey because in a way all of the characters in the play find a hint of happiness for a short while, and then just as it came it quickly diminishes and becomes difficult once again. I believe that Shelagh Delaney was correct in choosing this title for the play because it is indeed a sequence of events that resemble the ups and downs in life and the way one can taste something good but then its taken away. Its never really a constant patch of happiness throughout, but a constant struggle to keep going as much as possible.

The role of sales promotion

The role of sales promotion . Sales promotion has been defined as a direct inducement that offers an extra value or incentive for the product to the sales force, distributors, or the ultimate consumer with the primary objectives of creating an immediate sale. ( Blesh,2008 ) . The sales promotion contains two types of inducement that provide extra incentive to buy. The incentive is very important element in the promotional program; it can be couponing, reduction in price, and free samples of the product. ( Blesh,2008 ) . The sales promotion can be allocated also in the marketing intermediaries; the retail and wholesale. By giving they more discount offers by offering them more financial incentives to stock and promote for the manufacture products. Types of sales promotion activities: . The sales promotion is divided into two main categories; the consumer oriented promotion and the trade oriented promotion. . The consumer oriented sales promotion includes sampling, premiums, bonus pack, price offs. This promotion are directed to the consumer, the end purchaser of the good or the service, these activities are designed to create more preferable action in the consumer mind toward the purchasing of the product. . In the consumer-oriented sales promotion they are mainly use also the promotional pull strategy by using some advertising that will be a support for the consumer and motivate him to purchase and create demand for it. . The second types is the trade-oriented sales promotion, thats include the incentives, point of purchase and another activities that also designed to motivate the distributors and the retailers to carry and use this product and then deliver the product to the consumer. Reasons for the increase in sales promotion: . There are many reasons that increase the sales promotion, but from Nestle point of view that there are only two types for increasing in the sales promotion. They are the declining of brand loyalty and the short-term focus. . First the declining brand loyalty, which the consumer become less loyal toward the brand, and the purchase of the product based on the price and value. There are consumers buying the product with in its full price without looking for promotional offers. Also on the other hand there is some consumer that are more loyal to the promotional offers looking for couponing , premiums, bonus pack, or price-offs. . The short- term focus a lot of people see that the increase in the sales promotion based on the short term performance and the increasing in sales volume. The brand managers in Nestle are using the sales promotion routinely, not only for introducing new products to the market or defending against competition, but also to meet the year goal of achieving sales and the market share goal. Consumer-oriented sales promotion objectives: . Obtaining trial and repurchase its one of the most important uses of sales promotion techniques that encourage the consumer to try a new product or service. Nestle will use the technique of the trial for the new product Elite-Tea first in the supermarkets and the hyper market of the modern trade because, a lot of consumers visits the hyper and super market daily and that will let a lot of consumers try the product and gets more information about it and then repurchase it. . Defending current customers because of the new products that enter the market everyday they are trying to do something for defending their current costumer by do a lot of advertising and new sales promotion program, by giving special price promotion, coupons, and bonus packs. . Targeting specific market segments a lot of companies are focusing their efforts mostly on a specific market segments and are always looking for ways to reach the target audience. So the use of the coupons and the sampling is very effective in reaching company specific segment. Based on Elite-tea they are focusing more on the demographic and the psychographic. They focus on the demographic because they are targeting all of the genders even male or female, and they are targeting the age of the teens and seniors. Based on the psychographic they also focus on it because the tea is part of their life style. So Nestle will reach this targeted segment through the most effective tools of sales promotion start by making sampling. Nestle Sale Promotion Distribution: . Nestle Divided the market into two Promotion strategies they are: . The modern Trade, traditional Trade. . Modern Trade divided into three sectors the hypermarket, supermarkets, and discounters . Hyper market Like (Carrfour, Hyper one) . Super market (A-class) (Soudi, Metro) . Discounters super market who sells there product on lower price (El-mahaml, Awalad Ragab) . In the modern Trade they can use the promotion magazine, making advertising for the company and also let the consumer know your offer. . There is something called below the line market, which is contain the display floors, sampling and flyers. . The Traditional trade contains the supermarkets that are limited, which means the super markets that have limited branches like (royal House). Also its containing Kiosks. . Nestle types of promotions is the consumer promotion which is nationwide that means the promotion nestle do it in any supermarket will be in every super market in Egypt. The another type the costumer specific and that means that nestle went to a special super market like Carrefour and ask him to make a deal of promotion offers only for him, something specific, the consumer will find this offer only in Carrefour. . Trade deals, nestle sales people start by making special offer for the super markets by going to each super market and say to buyer today I have an offer, every 10 boxes you buy you will get 1 box for free and a display stand to show the product in professional appearance. Consumer-oriented sales promotion techniques: Nestle consumer-oriented sales promotion techniques Sampling Sampling Methods Premiums Bonus Packs . Sampling is a variety of procedures where by consumers are given some quantity of products for no charge only for trying this new product. Sampling first established to introduce new products in the market. Sampling is one of the most effective techniques in the sales promotional program and the most expensive. Nestle start to launch her new product in the market by first starting using the sampling form. They established there booths in all of the modern trade categories, and that one of the thing that helps them to reach the consumer taste and mind. The real benefits of sampling come to the consumer because that a risk-free because he will not buy the product its free and the consumer tries the brand directly, get more information about the brand and its benefits. Also its generating for Nestle much higher trail rates rather than advertising and Nestle did a brand that is unique and superior in benefits that makes the sampling program worthwhile. The cost of the sampling is very expensive so the cost can be recovered again if the consumer who tried the product can be a regular consumer for this product. . Nestle from here to start to put her sampling methods first because many reasons first the brand manager must take in-depth how the sample program will be distributed. The sampling method is very important because its the one that influence the type of consumer who receives the sample. The best sampling method gets the product to the best prospects for trail and repurchase. The sampling methods divided into four types: . Door-to-door sampling . Sampling through mail . In-store sampling the most effective Method Used by Nestle. . On-package sampling . Nestle in establishing their new product elite-tea used the most effective sampling method and its the in-store sampling. The in-store sampling starts by that the marketer starts to hire some people who set for him booths and then prepare small samples of the products ( for ex: 50 Boxes of tea ), then pass all of this to the shops. This was very effective for Nestle Elite-tea because it first established in the market and the consumer doesnt have any clue about this new product. Also what comes to the consumer mind first that the Tea is very expensive because of Nestle Brand name, so they used the in store sampling method to grape the consumer to taste the product and give them a lot of information about the product price and how its unique from the other products. In the modern Trade nestle used to distribute some flyers that contain all of the information about the new product, if the consumer not interested in sampling the new product they are mostly giving him a flyer thats con tain information about the product. . Premium is an offer of an item of service either free or at low price that have an extra incentive for the purchaser. The free premiums are usually small gifts included in the product package sent to the consumer who buys the product. Nestle used this technique in her new product elite tea by putting inside every package mug and spoon. They also increased their package by 25% for every package the consumer purchase it, he will find that another box stamped with the original package that contain 25 tea bags. . Bonus pack offers the consumer extra amount of packs of the product at a regular price. Nestle did that in Elite tea they was putting with the original pack another pack with the same quantity that have a regular price, that was one of the most important steps letting the consumer start to buy nestle new product because of the bonus offer and that will make the consumer try the product, that will lead him for more purchase and become a regular consumer. This offer most used in the modern trade in the hypermarkets and high class super markets (Metro, Soudi ) Nestle Elite Tea Sampling Promotion Cost: . First it depend on the sales forecast or the budget itself . Then its based on the marketing support percentage of the main budget for example the percentage of the marketing support between 15-20% of the main budget. . If the whole budget is 1000000$ and the marketing support is 20% so they will need 200,000$ for the sales promotion technique. . Then they will dived this 200,000$ based on the methods they will use. For example: . 50,000$ for Sampling . 25,000$ for Premiers. . 25,000$ for Bonus packs.

Anton Chekhovs and Joyce Oates The Lady with the Dog Essay -- Compar

Though the similarities and differences of characterization in Chekhov and Oates’s different versions of â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† are evident, the purpose only becomes clear for the reader when the two versions are read and compared. The stories have different settings, but the characters in the story remain the same. There is Anna, Dmitry, and their families. Although their families are mentioned, each member remains without any description and therefore they begin to seem almost unimportant. Both Anton Chekhov and Joyce Oates chose to tell the story using a third-person narrator. This is one of the most important aspects of the characterization because if other characters were allowed to appear more within either story, the reader would have more than likely had a different view of their affair. For example, if Oates had allowed the reader to know Anna’s husband more intimately and definitely if the reader could read his thoughts, we may have seen the affair as dirty. We only see him trying to make love to her in an almost impersonal way. They never really cominicate, and his love for her is never shown with in the story, so the reader has no real reason to sympathize with him. Instead, Anna’s guilt seems sufficient, and her desire to be else where allows the reader to feels sorry for her and the fact that this love is what she perceives as her fate, we give her the sympathy and no longer see this affair as necessarily wrong. Chekhov uses this same type persuasi...

Fresh Direct case analysis Essay

BACKGROUND/HISTORY FreshDirect was launched in July 2001. Cofounder and former chief executive officer Joseph Fedele, Joseph Fedele was able to bring a wealth of experience in New York City’s food industry to FreshDirect. In 1993 Joseph Fedele cofounded Fairway Uptown, a 35,000 foot supermarket located on West 133 Street in Harlem. Only reason Fairway survived in that location was of Fairway’s low prices and quality selection of produce and meats which made the store a big hit with neighborhood residents and many downtown and suburban commuters. FreshDirect primary business is for consumers who want to shop for their produce from the comfort of their own time and need. Being able to shop from work, home, app, pretty much anywhere and have it either delivered to you at work, meet up with them at a specific location or even just pick it up at their very own FreshDirect location is their goal, along with making sure the customer gets what they want and guarantee the freshness of their items. FreshDirect is still in business and their corrent CEO is Jason Ackerman. However as the case listed FreshDirect went through many CEO changes. Which isn’t always a great thing but since FreshDirect was growing so much, so quickly there was in need of changes to happen. â€Å"Cofounder Joseph Fedele had remained CEO until January 2004, when cofounder Jason Ackerman succeeded him in that position. Since then, FreshDirect has experienced multiple CEO changes. Jason Ackerman stayed as CEO of FreshDirect for a little over seven months, until Dean Furbush succeeded him in that position in September 2004. Ackerman remained vice chairman and chief financial officer. The tenure of Dean Furbush lasted a little over two years. Steve Michaelson, president since 2004, replaced Furbush as the CEO of FreshDirect in early 2007.9 In 2008 Michaelson left  for another firm, and FreshDirect’s chairman of the board, Richard Braddock, expanded his role in the firm and took over as CEO.† (Strategic Management 2012) FreshDirect main promise when opening wa s â€Å"Our food is fresh, our customers are spoiled†¦. Order on the web today and get next-day delivery of the best food at the best price, exactly the way you want it, with 100 percent satisfaction guaranteed.† Since FreshDirect is still in business and still improving since when they first opened they have not changed their main mission which was to prides itself on sourcing the highest quality food and freshest ingredients available for their customers and being able to deliver them when they want. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths – †¢ well-known brand †¢ high quality produce †¢ multiple ways to order/deliver †¢ only company that allows you to change rate the freshness †¢ more options on what kind of meat thickness, type, etc to choose from Weaknesses – †¢ weather †¢ large market for many other competitors †¢ many stores around the corner open late Opportunities – †¢ expandable since having their own trucks †¢ longer delivery times advantage of owning own trucks Threats – †¢ many high quality organic produces, lower-price at competitors †¢ Whole Foods or Trader Joe’s moving into a FreshDirect neighborhood †¢ numerous competitors †¢ lower prices for delivery with competitors ANALYSIS VIA PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL STRATEGY USED FreshDirect has been using the same strategy since they had opened in 2001. They have been able to fulfil what the customer wants and how they want it every time a customer is shopping. Being able to rate products and showing them the rate of how fresh the product might be helps every customer out every time. Able to deliver the same day and also next day right to your office or doorstep along with being able to pick up at the store is a strategy that FreshDirect has been using since the opened. Since they own their own delivery trucks they are able to deliver anytime needed for the customer. Low prices, and also having a minimum order to just $30 with a low delivery fee is great for any shopper. THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACING THIS COMPANY Only problems, issues, and challenges that are faced by are the company are very small. Main one would be the fact that not a lot of people like to buy their produce online, since they are not able to pick it themselves, however FreshDirect has been able to show many consumers that they can be trusted, and many consumers are given a choice on what they want and how they want their meats. Another problem faced by FreshDirect was that many people were concerned about the pollution the trucks/vans were giving off by FreshDirect when delivering groceries. Also another issue that was a concern for the company was the volitions for parking that the company got, and blocking traffic in the city when delivering. FreshDirect had to pay for them, along with many boxes that were wasted when boxing everything different for each customer, there was no way for customers to return the boxes to the company for proper recycling. COURSE OF ACTION RECOMMENDED Since the company is already doing well there is only a few things I would change. I would first lower the prices for delivery since many people will find that high, and along with that give discounts on separate bulk orders so it is like a wholesaler such as Sam’s or Costco or even BJ’s. If that is done, and shipping prices are reduced then they would not have to worry  about Amazon and even Walmart effecting their business that are larger markets that could hurt the business. OPINION I feel that in my opinion I really do not like shopping for groceries online, I am one of those people who like to shop in person for things like this, however I’d shop online a lot but for food, I feel like it is more of a hands on process that should be done then just ordering your meats and produce online. Even though the market for online shopping is good, since some people do not have time to physically go shopping, it is not a bad idea. When I was first reading this, I thought to myself, how can they succeed, but then realized in NY there are many people who are busy with their jobs and family, where this would eliminate some time in spending at a store. REFERENCES Dess, G., Lumpkin, G. & Eisner, A. (2012). Strategic Management (6e). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Fresh Direct, LLC. (2002 – 2014). Retrieved March 19, 2014, from https://www.freshdirect.com/index.jsp Porter’s Five Forces – Problem Solving Techniques from MindTools.com. (1996 – 2014). Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_08.htm

Sources of Demo Data

The issue of population and development has increasingly evolved into the ‘population, environment, and development nexus. In the face of this mandate for research on population and environment dynamics, different theoretical frameworks are brought on board. Ester Boserup was one of the scholars who have contributed to these theoretical frameworks hence this essay will attempt to expound Ester her theory of population growth and demonstrate how applicable the theory is to Africa. Later on, the weaknesses of the theory will be brought in with reference to the African context.Lastly a conclusion will summarize the whole essay. A theory is defined as a set of facts, propositions, or principles analyzed in their relation to one another to explain phenomena. (Chambers dictionary, 2005) Population growth is defined as the total number of people who inhabit an area, region, or country, or the number of people in a particular group who inhabit an area. Ester Boserup (May 18, 910 â€⠀œ September 24, 1999) was a Danish economist, writer. She studied economical and agricultural development, worked at the United Nations as well as other international organizations, and she wrote several books.Her most notable book is The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. (Aldine, 1965) This book presents a â€Å"dynamic analysis embracing all types of primitive agriculture. The work undoes the assumption dating back to Malthus’s time (and still held in many quarters) that agricultural methods determine population (via food supply). Instead, Boserup argued that population determines agricultural methods. A major point of her book is that â€Å"necessity is the mother of invention†.It was her great belief that humanity would always find a way and was quoted in saying â€Å"The power of ingenuity would always outmatch that of demand† in a letter to Northern Irish philosopher T S Hueston. She also influ enced debate on the role of women in workforce and human development, and the possibility of better opportunities of work and education for women. (Jain, 2005) According to Malthusian theory, the size and growth of the population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods. In Boserup’s theory agricultural methods depend on the size of the population.In the Malthusian view, in times when food is not sufficient for everyone, the excess population will die. However, Boserup argued that in those times of pressure, people will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing workforce, machinery, fertilizers, (Jain, 2005) Bosarupian theory focuses on the relationship between population, environment, and technology. Her concept of ‘population,’ encompasses population density as well as absolute size and growth. Her concept of environment refers mainly to land resources and related factors such as climate and soil quality.Since her focus is historical civilizations or developing countries, ‘technology’ for Boserup refers mainly to the tools and inputs used in agriculture, the primary productive activity in these societies. In arraying relationships between population, environment, and technology, Boserup proposes that it is generally agreed that successive change in technology has an important influence on the population size. The opposite side of the interrelationship, the influence of population size on technology, has attracted less attention (Boserup, 1981, p. ). In response, Boserup focus her attention on exploring the role of population as an independent variable that influences both the development of agricultural technology which, in turn, shape the productive capacity of resources. Boserup argues that in the short-term a period of sustained population growth would lower output per man hour. This occurs more intensive methods mean more hours of work on the part of the agriculture laborer. The ratio of output to labour cost, thus, deteriorates in the short run.In the long run, however, workers would become more efficient at the tasks required by the new intensive regime. More importantly, the growing population would stimulate more efficient production by allowing division of labor. Therefore, a growing population or increased population density leads ultimately to long run increase in output that outweigh short run declines (Boserup, 1965, p. 39-42). Boserup also states that for small populations with low density it is not worthwhile switching to more intensive regimes that require more labor inputs and that entail short-term productivity losses.She asserts that density must increase to a certain level before it is worthwhile accepting short term declines in labor output and the â€Å"hard toil of intensive agriculture† (Boserup, 1965, p. 51). Once higher densities occur, however, it becomes imperative for the population to undertake the increase labor investment of more intensi ve systems for the sake of the long term advantage of increased output. Boserup asserts that reliance on food imports to meet the gap between the growing populations food needs and production has undercut the ressure for domestic intensification of agriculture. By offering food aid and subsidized and concessionary food imports, the developed world has made it more attractive for many sub-Saharan African countries to import food rather than increase domestic production. She asserts that food imports also play a role in the continued lack of investment in rural areas. Dependence on food production lessens the need for investment in the domestic food production. This allows all resources to flow into the production of crops for export or urban industrial sector.This type of flow correspond with the major development models of export-led growth promoted by international organizations, such as world bank, in sub-Saharan Africa (Boserup, 1981, p. 202) The theory has been instrumental in u nderstanding agricultural patterns in developing countries, although it is highly simplified and generalized. The theory can be applied in Africa in the following ways; Boserup sees sub-Saharan Africa as historically a sparsely populated continent relative to other regions. As a result, subsistence agriculture and low-technology predominate in the region.Boserup states that â€Å"because past rates of population growth were much lower in Africa than in other parts of the world, extensive land-using subsistence systems, that is, long-fallow agriculture continue to be much more prevalent than elsewhere. In large parts of Africa, there is more land than the sparse population needs for growing crops† (Boserup, 1990, p. 258). Boserup’s theory can also be demonstrated in the Case study of Mauritius. Mauritius is an island country of 1860  km2 in area, located off the east coast of Africa.Farming and fishing are its main ventures, with agriculture accounting for 4. 6% of it s GDP. This is comprehensible since it has fertile soils and a tropical climate. Its exports are divided into four main categories: sugar (32%), garments (31%), plastics (32%) and others (5%). (Jain, 2005) Its population in 1992 was 1,094,000 people. For 2025, the estimated population is 1,365,000. This would mean a growth rate of 1. 45%, with a doubling time of 47 years. Its fertility rate was of 2. 17 children per woman. Jain, 2005) It is possible to notice how uneven population growth has been in Mauritius. At first it was a maintained at a more or less constant level, because there were almost equal values of birth and death rates. Around the 1950s, the birth rate increased significantly (from 35 per thousand to more than 45 per thousand). The death rate declined from 30 to 15 per thousand shortly afterwards. (Jain, 2005) The rate of natural increase was very great, and there was a great pressure on the country for resources because of this increasing population.It was then that the government had to intervene. It promoted family planning, restricted early marriage, provided improved health care and looked to improve the status of women. The government also worked on diversifying agriculture, invested in industry and improved trading links. With time, there were changes in general attitude toward family size and people were getting married later. As well, there was an improvement in educational and work opportunities for women (in 1975 employment of women was 22. 3%, by 1990 it had increased to 35. 5%). Many transnational companies came to Mauritius because of tax incentives, the Freeport at Port Luis, the large number of educated residents, a considerable amount of cheap labour and the good transport. This would assert to us Boserup’s theory that â€Å"necessity is the mother of invention. † Because the population had risen, the government had to take measures to adapt to this growth. It had to improve and diversify agriculture, so proving a gricultural intensification and that â€Å"population growth cause’s agricultural growth. (This idea is presented in The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure; 1965. ) It also suggests that a country must improve its technology to be able to support the growing population, and that many technologies will not be taken advantage of if the population is not large enough. Mauritius had to build a Freeport and improve transportation to be able to maintain its population. (Jain, 2005) Chitemene system in Zambia is also one example of how Buserup’s theory is applicable to Africa.Chitemene system is a method of farming practiced in the Northern Province of Zambia in which fields are cleared by cutting down trees in order to make the soil fertile. This system was introduced as a result of population increase in Northern Province of Zambia. As population density increased, there was need for more food production, this led discovery of an agriculture system which could make land more fertile hence increasing food production for the growing population. Despite Boserup’s theory being considered as the optimum population theory it as some weaknesses in the African context.Some of these weaknesses are explained in this part of the text. Boserup did not put the law of diminishing returns into consideration when formulating her theory. Increasing labor at a fixed potion of land (increasing population density) would lead to an extent where each addition unit of labor would be adding less to output than what the previous unit added, this would reach a point where output starts decreasing. Most African countries have limited technology and hence increasing population density would lead to diminishing returns in agriculture. (Obadan. 004. P. 99) Another weakness in Boserup’s theory is lack of consideration of ecological factors that arise as a result of increase in population density which affect agriculture negatively. For example in Africa, Nigeria in particular, agriculture contributed more than 75 percent of export earnings before 1970. Since then, due to population growth, however, agriculture has stagnated, mostly due to ecological factors such as drought, disease, and reduction in soil fertility. By the mid-1990s, agriculture’s share of exports had declined to less than 5 percent.Once an exporter of food to nearby countries, Nigeria now must import food to meet domestic demand (keet, 1994: p. 55). It is clear that certain types of fragile environments cannot support excessive numbers of people in Africa for example the Barotse flood plains in Zambia. In such cases, population pressure may not lead to technological innovations as Boserup suggested. Boserup’s theory does not adequately account for lack of the impact of subsidization of agriculture production by developed countries on African.Subsidization of agricultural products by developed countries lea ds to African agriculture products fetching low prices at the international market which in turn discourages farming in Africa despite an increase in population density. Fontanel and Touatam (2004, p. 31) gave an example of trade in cotton. Without financial subsides from the government, the price of cotton production in the United States would be three times higher than the cotton production in most sub-Saharan Africa.Because of subsides to cotton producers in the United States and European union in 2001/2002, Africa had lost in that period US $920 million (Miroudot, 2004: 47). Boserup’s theory does not also account for the comflicts in some African states which hinder agricultural activities such as farming hence making them depend on foreign aid rather than domestically produced products. Ayttey (1998, p. 193) writes that in 1996, more than 20 million of Africans were refugees. These people, who have lost their homes, jobs, and possessions, should be the ones to go to scho ol, grow food, or work in factories and government and business administration.This has greatly contributed to the low food output levels in these countries. Boserup’s idea is based upon field studies in south east Asia and she developed her idea based on the number of assumptions, her ideas are not much applicable in Africa which the population is sparse since her field work was conducted in places with very high population densities like india. In conclusion, Boserup’s population theory may not alone fully explain the relationship between population growth, environment and technology but most importantly it has offered a complementary perspective to other theories.The theory has offered applicable solutions on the relationship between population growth and resources especially in Africa. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayittey, G. 1998. Africa In Chaos, St. Martin’s press. New York Boserup, E. 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. Allen and Unwin, London. Boserup, E. 1981 . Population and Technological Change. Chicago press, Chicago. Boserup, E. 1990. Economic and Demographic Relationships in Development. The John Hopkins University press. London. Ehrlich, P. 1968. The Population Bomb: Ballantine. New York. Fontanel, J. and Touatam, A. 2004. The Rift. African Geopolitics. No. 13. Paris. OR. IMA INTERNATIONAL.Pp. 29-42. Keet, D. 1994. Systematic Destruction – IMF/World Bank Social Engineering in Africa. Track Two. The centre for intergroup studies. Vol. 2. No. 1. Pp. 10-11. Obadan, M. 2004. The External Debt Crisis: Strategies and policies. In African Development and Governance strategies in the 21st century. London . Zed Books. Pp. 140-164. Simon, J. 1981. The Ultimate Resource: Princeton university press. New Jersey. Aldine. (1965, 08 03). Women, Development and the UN. Retrieved 03 15, 2012, from wikipedia: http://www. wikipedia. com Jain, D. (2005, 03 16). ester buserup. Retrieved 03 15, 2012, from enotes. com: http://www. enotes. com Sources of Demo Data The issue of population and development has increasingly evolved into the ‘population, environment, and development nexus. In the face of this mandate for research on population and environment dynamics, different theoretical frameworks are brought on board. Ester Boserup was one of the scholars who have contributed to these theoretical frameworks hence this essay will attempt to expound Ester her theory of population growth and demonstrate how applicable the theory is to Africa. Later on, the weaknesses of the theory will be brought in with reference to the African context.Lastly a conclusion will summarize the whole essay. A theory is defined as a set of facts, propositions, or principles analyzed in their relation to one another to explain phenomena. (Chambers dictionary, 2005) Population growth is defined as the total number of people who inhabit an area, region, or country, or the number of people in a particular group who inhabit an area. Ester Boserup (May 18, 910 â€⠀œ September 24, 1999) was a Danish economist, writer. She studied economical and agricultural development, worked at the United Nations as well as other international organizations, and she wrote several books.Her most notable book is The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. (Aldine, 1965) This book presents a â€Å"dynamic analysis embracing all types of primitive agriculture. The work undoes the assumption dating back to Malthus’s time (and still held in many quarters) that agricultural methods determine population (via food supply). Instead, Boserup argued that population determines agricultural methods. A major point of her book is that â€Å"necessity is the mother of invention†.It was her great belief that humanity would always find a way and was quoted in saying â€Å"The power of ingenuity would always outmatch that of demand† in a letter to Northern Irish philosopher T S Hueston. She also influ enced debate on the role of women in workforce and human development, and the possibility of better opportunities of work and education for women. (Jain, 2005) According to Malthusian theory, the size and growth of the population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods. In Boserup’s theory agricultural methods depend on the size of the population.In the Malthusian view, in times when food is not sufficient for everyone, the excess population will die. However, Boserup argued that in those times of pressure, people will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing workforce, machinery, fertilizers, (Jain, 2005) Bosarupian theory focuses on the relationship between population, environment, and technology. Her concept of ‘population,’ encompasses population density as well as absolute size and growth. Her concept of environment refers mainly to land resources and related factors such as climate and soil quality.Since her focus is historical civilizations or developing countries, ‘technology’ for Boserup refers mainly to the tools and inputs used in agriculture, the primary productive activity in these societies. In arraying relationships between population, environment, and technology, Boserup proposes that it is generally agreed that successive change in technology has an important influence on the population size. The opposite side of the interrelationship, the influence of population size on technology, has attracted less attention (Boserup, 1981, p. ). In response, Boserup focus her attention on exploring the role of population as an independent variable that influences both the development of agricultural technology which, in turn, shape the productive capacity of resources. Boserup argues that in the short-term a period of sustained population growth would lower output per man hour. This occurs more intensive methods mean more hours of work on the part of the agriculture laborer. The ratio of output to labour cost, thus, deteriorates in the short run.In the long run, however, workers would become more efficient at the tasks required by the new intensive regime. More importantly, the growing population would stimulate more efficient production by allowing division of labor. Therefore, a growing population or increased population density leads ultimately to long run increase in output that outweigh short run declines (Boserup, 1965, p. 39-42). Boserup also states that for small populations with low density it is not worthwhile switching to more intensive regimes that require more labor inputs and that entail short-term productivity losses.She asserts that density must increase to a certain level before it is worthwhile accepting short term declines in labor output and the â€Å"hard toil of intensive agriculture† (Boserup, 1965, p. 51). Once higher densities occur, however, it becomes imperative for the population to undertake the increase labor investment of more intensi ve systems for the sake of the long term advantage of increased output. Boserup asserts that reliance on food imports to meet the gap between the growing populations food needs and production has undercut the ressure for domestic intensification of agriculture. By offering food aid and subsidized and concessionary food imports, the developed world has made it more attractive for many sub-Saharan African countries to import food rather than increase domestic production. She asserts that food imports also play a role in the continued lack of investment in rural areas. Dependence on food production lessens the need for investment in the domestic food production. This allows all resources to flow into the production of crops for export or urban industrial sector.This type of flow correspond with the major development models of export-led growth promoted by international organizations, such as world bank, in sub-Saharan Africa (Boserup, 1981, p. 202) The theory has been instrumental in u nderstanding agricultural patterns in developing countries, although it is highly simplified and generalized. The theory can be applied in Africa in the following ways; Boserup sees sub-Saharan Africa as historically a sparsely populated continent relative to other regions. As a result, subsistence agriculture and low-technology predominate in the region.Boserup states that â€Å"because past rates of population growth were much lower in Africa than in other parts of the world, extensive land-using subsistence systems, that is, long-fallow agriculture continue to be much more prevalent than elsewhere. In large parts of Africa, there is more land than the sparse population needs for growing crops† (Boserup, 1990, p. 258). Boserup’s theory can also be demonstrated in the Case study of Mauritius. Mauritius is an island country of 1860  km2 in area, located off the east coast of Africa.Farming and fishing are its main ventures, with agriculture accounting for 4. 6% of it s GDP. This is comprehensible since it has fertile soils and a tropical climate. Its exports are divided into four main categories: sugar (32%), garments (31%), plastics (32%) and others (5%). (Jain, 2005) Its population in 1992 was 1,094,000 people. For 2025, the estimated population is 1,365,000. This would mean a growth rate of 1. 45%, with a doubling time of 47 years. Its fertility rate was of 2. 17 children per woman. Jain, 2005) It is possible to notice how uneven population growth has been in Mauritius. At first it was a maintained at a more or less constant level, because there were almost equal values of birth and death rates. Around the 1950s, the birth rate increased significantly (from 35 per thousand to more than 45 per thousand). The death rate declined from 30 to 15 per thousand shortly afterwards. (Jain, 2005) The rate of natural increase was very great, and there was a great pressure on the country for resources because of this increasing population.It was then that the government had to intervene. It promoted family planning, restricted early marriage, provided improved health care and looked to improve the status of women. The government also worked on diversifying agriculture, invested in industry and improved trading links. With time, there were changes in general attitude toward family size and people were getting married later. As well, there was an improvement in educational and work opportunities for women (in 1975 employment of women was 22. 3%, by 1990 it had increased to 35. 5%). Many transnational companies came to Mauritius because of tax incentives, the Freeport at Port Luis, the large number of educated residents, a considerable amount of cheap labour and the good transport. This would assert to us Boserup’s theory that â€Å"necessity is the mother of invention. † Because the population had risen, the government had to take measures to adapt to this growth. It had to improve and diversify agriculture, so proving a gricultural intensification and that â€Å"population growth cause’s agricultural growth. (This idea is presented in The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure; 1965. ) It also suggests that a country must improve its technology to be able to support the growing population, and that many technologies will not be taken advantage of if the population is not large enough. Mauritius had to build a Freeport and improve transportation to be able to maintain its population. (Jain, 2005) Chitemene system in Zambia is also one example of how Buserup’s theory is applicable to Africa.Chitemene system is a method of farming practiced in the Northern Province of Zambia in which fields are cleared by cutting down trees in order to make the soil fertile. This system was introduced as a result of population increase in Northern Province of Zambia. As population density increased, there was need for more food production, this led discovery of an agriculture system which could make land more fertile hence increasing food production for the growing population. Despite Boserup’s theory being considered as the optimum population theory it as some weaknesses in the African context.Some of these weaknesses are explained in this part of the text. Boserup did not put the law of diminishing returns into consideration when formulating her theory. Increasing labor at a fixed potion of land (increasing population density) would lead to an extent where each addition unit of labor would be adding less to output than what the previous unit added, this would reach a point where output starts decreasing. Most African countries have limited technology and hence increasing population density would lead to diminishing returns in agriculture. (Obadan. 004. P. 99) Another weakness in Boserup’s theory is lack of consideration of ecological factors that arise as a result of increase in population density which affect agriculture negatively. For example in Africa, Nigeria in particular, agriculture contributed more than 75 percent of export earnings before 1970. Since then, due to population growth, however, agriculture has stagnated, mostly due to ecological factors such as drought, disease, and reduction in soil fertility. By the mid-1990s, agriculture’s share of exports had declined to less than 5 percent.Once an exporter of food to nearby countries, Nigeria now must import food to meet domestic demand (keet, 1994: p. 55). It is clear that certain types of fragile environments cannot support excessive numbers of people in Africa for example the Barotse flood plains in Zambia. In such cases, population pressure may not lead to technological innovations as Boserup suggested. Boserup’s theory does not adequately account for lack of the impact of subsidization of agriculture production by developed countries on African.Subsidization of agricultural products by developed countries lea ds to African agriculture products fetching low prices at the international market which in turn discourages farming in Africa despite an increase in population density. Fontanel and Touatam (2004, p. 31) gave an example of trade in cotton. Without financial subsides from the government, the price of cotton production in the United States would be three times higher than the cotton production in most sub-Saharan Africa.Because of subsides to cotton producers in the United States and European union in 2001/2002, Africa had lost in that period US $920 million (Miroudot, 2004: 47). Boserup’s theory does not also account for the comflicts in some African states which hinder agricultural activities such as farming hence making them depend on foreign aid rather than domestically produced products. Ayttey (1998, p. 193) writes that in 1996, more than 20 million of Africans were refugees. These people, who have lost their homes, jobs, and possessions, should be the ones to go to scho ol, grow food, or work in factories and government and business administration.This has greatly contributed to the low food output levels in these countries. Boserup’s idea is based upon field studies in south east Asia and she developed her idea based on the number of assumptions, her ideas are not much applicable in Africa which the population is sparse since her field work was conducted in places with very high population densities like india. In conclusion, Boserup’s population theory may not alone fully explain the relationship between population growth, environment and technology but most importantly it has offered a complementary perspective to other theories.The theory has offered applicable solutions on the relationship between population growth and resources especially in Africa. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayittey, G. 1998. Africa In Chaos, St. Martin’s press. New York Boserup, E. 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. Allen and Unwin, London. Boserup, E. 1981 . Population and Technological Change. Chicago press, Chicago. Boserup, E. 1990. Economic and Demographic Relationships in Development. The John Hopkins University press. London. Ehrlich, P. 1968. The Population Bomb: Ballantine. New York. Fontanel, J. and Touatam, A. 2004. The Rift. African Geopolitics. No. 13. Paris. OR. IMA INTERNATIONAL.Pp. 29-42. Keet, D. 1994. Systematic Destruction – IMF/World Bank Social Engineering in Africa. Track Two. The centre for intergroup studies. Vol. 2. No. 1. Pp. 10-11. Obadan, M. 2004. The External Debt Crisis: Strategies and policies. In African Development and Governance strategies in the 21st century. London . Zed Books. Pp. 140-164. Simon, J. 1981. The Ultimate Resource: Princeton university press. New Jersey. Aldine. (1965, 08 03). Women, Development and the UN. Retrieved 03 15, 2012, from wikipedia: http://www. wikipedia. com Jain, D. (2005, 03 16). ester buserup. Retrieved 03 15, 2012, from enotes. com: http://www. enotes. com